domingo, 31 de enero de 2016
History
14:04
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The
history of electronic engineering is a long one. Chambers Twentieth Century
Dictionary (1972) defines electronics as "The science and technology of
the conduction of electricity in a vacuum, a gas, or a semiconductor, and
devices based thereon".
Electronic
engineering as a profession sprang from technological improvements in the
telegraph industry during the late 19th century and in the radio and telephone
industries during the early 20th century. People gravitated to radio, attracted
by the technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and then in
transmitting. Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s had become
"amateurs" in the period before World War I. The modern discipline of
electronic engineering was to a large extent born out of telephone-, radio-,
and television-equipment development and the large amount of electronic-systems
development during World War II of radar, sonar, communication systems, and
advanced munitions and weapon systems. In the interwar years, the subject was
known as radio engineering. The word electronics began to be used in the 1940s
In the late 1950s the term electronic engineering started to emerge.
The
electronic laboratories (Bell Labs in the United States for instance) created
and subsidized by large corporations in the industries of radio, television,
and telephone equipment, began churning out a series of electronic advances. In
1948 came the transistor and in 1960 the integrated circuit, which would
revolutionize the electronic industry. In the UK, the subject of electronic
engineering became distinct from electrical engineering as a university-degree
subject around 1960. (Before this time, students of electronics and related
subjects like radio and telecommunications had to enroll in the electrical
engineering department of the university as no university had departments of
electronics. Electrical engineering was the nearest subject with which electronic
engineering could be aligned, although the similarities in subjects covered
(except mathematics and electromagnetism) lasted only for the first year of
three-year courses.)
Electronic
engineering (even before it acquired the name) facilitated the development of
many technologies including wireless telegraphy, radio, television, radar,
computers and microprocessors.
Engineering Components
13:41
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Component
engineering is an engineering discipline primarily used to ensure the
availability of suitable components required to manufacture a larger product.
The
term combines two ideas:
- A component—a smaller, self-contained part of a larger entity
- Engineering—the discipline and profession of applying science to implement some functional design
Those
who practice this discipline are called component engineers. Component
engineers typically select, qualify, approve, document, and manage purchased
components and direct material required to produce an end product. Component
engineers typically analyze and qualify interchangeable parts from sources
(vendors) outside their organization. Because of the high number of components
used in electronic assemblies, component engineering is closely associated with
design and manufacture.
Component
engineering can also refer to the manufacturer of selected equipment used in
theatrical motion picture projection. This equipment falls into two categories:
units that automatically control the presentation and those that comprise part
of the sound system.
Component
engineering also involves product lifecycle management, that is to know when a
component is going to be obsolete or to analyse the form–fit–functionality
changes in the component.
Telecommunications
13:27
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Telecommunication
occurs when the exchange of information between two or more entities
(communication) includes the use of technology. Communication technology uses
channels to transmit information (as electrical signals), either over a
physical medium (such as signal cables), or in the form of electromagnetic waves.
The word is often used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it
involves many different technologies.
Early
means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as
beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical
heliographs. Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included
audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles.
Modern technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical
and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and
teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, and
communications satellites.
A
revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century
with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi,
who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909. Other highly notable pioneering
inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic
telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph),
Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio),
as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth
(television).
Industrial Process Control
12:54
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Process
control is an engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms
and algorithms for maintaining the output of a specific process within a
desired range. For instance, the temperature of a chemical reactor may be
controlled to maintain a consistent product output.
Process
control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of
consistent products from continuously operated processes such as oil refining,
paper manufacturing, chemicals, power plants and many others. Process control
enables automation, by which a small staff of operating personnel can operate a
complex process from a central control room.
Computers And Digital Electronic
11:58
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In
computer science, a digital electronic computer is a computer machine which is
both an electronic computer and a digital computer. Examples of a digital
electronic computers include the IBM PC, the Apple Macintosh as well as modern
smartphones. When computers that were both digital and electronic appeared,
they displaced almost all other kinds of computers, but computation has
historically been performed in various non-digital and non-electronic ways: the
Lehmer sieve is an example of a digital non-electronic computer, while analog
computers are examples of non-digital computers which can be electronic (with
analog electronics), and mechanical computers are examples of non-electronic
computers (which may be digital or not). An example of a computer which is both
non-digital and non-electronic is the ancient Antikythera mechanism found in
Greece. All kinds of computers, whether they are digital or analog, and
electronic or non-electronic, can be Turing complete if they have sufficient
memory. A digital electronic computer is not necessarily a programmable
computer, a stored program computer, or a general purpose computer, since in
essence a digital electronic computer can be built for one specific application
and be non-reprogrammable. As of 2014, most personal computers and smartphones
in people's homes that use multicore central processing units (such as AMD FX,
Intel Core i7, or the multicore varieties of ARM-based chips) are also parallel
computers using the MIMD (multiple instructions - multiple data) paradigm, a
technology previously only used in digital electronic supercomputers. As of
2014, most digital electronic supercomputers are also cluster computers, a
technology that can be used at home in the form of small Beowulf clusters.
Parallel computation is also possible with non-digital or non-electronic
computers. An example of a parallel computation system using the abacus would
be a group of human computers using a number of abacus machines for computation
and communicating using natural language.
Power Electronics
11:14
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Power
electronics expression is used to distinguish the type of application that is
given to electronic devices, in this case to transform and control voltages and
currents significant levels. It differentiates this type of application and
other electronics called low power or too weak currents
In
this application the electrical and electronics are reunited, allowing for control
electronic circuits for controlling driving (on and off) power semiconductors
to handle currents and voltages in power applications is used. This to form
teams called static power converters.
Thus,
the power electronics can adapt and transform electrical energy for various
purposes such as a controlled power other equipment, transform electrical
energy continuously to AC or vice versa, and control the speed and operation of
electrical machines, etc. by using electronic devices, especially semiconductor.
This includes applications in control systems, systems for power factor
compensation and / or harmonic electric supply to industrial consumers or the
interconnection of power systems of different frequency.
The
main objective of this discipline is the handling and transformation of energy
in an efficient manner, so avoiding use resistive elements generating potential
Joule losses. The main devices are used by both coils and capacitors and
semiconductors working in cut / saturation (on / off, on and off) mode.
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